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Violence Against Transgender People a Review of United States Data

Written By Monday, April 18, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Social and political issue in the U.South.

Affiche from the Elevate March for Change in Chicago, Illinois. The march was held in June 2020.

Violence against transgender people in the United States includes sexual, physical, and emotional violence. These acts of gender-based violence may upshot in the death of a transgender person. The stigma surrounding the transgender community and those who are gender non-befitting accompanied past the supposition of their sexual orientation is ofttimes cited as the reason for these barbarous acts.[ane] [ failed verification ] Transgender people are more than likely to be violently attacked than cisgender ones.[two] The murder rate for transgender individuals is estimated to exist lower than that of cisgender people, though the trend is reversed for young black or Latina transgender women.[3] Between 2008 and 2020, 271 murders on trans people were reported in The states, giving ca 0.83 murders per one'000'000 inhabitants and placing USA somewhere in the middle between "safe" and "unsafe" states, with reservation for inaccuracies and possible underreporting from some locations. [4]

Sexual violence [edit]

Sexual violence is defined by the Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention as an "feel of a sexual act (e.g., rape, unwanted sexual touching, pressure or coercion to appoint in sexual acts) committed against an individual without their freely given consent".[5] The documentation of sexual assault cases against transgender individuals is limited. According to the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, 37% of transgender women and 51% of transgender men accept been sexually assaulted in their lifetime.[6]

Instances of sexual violence confronting transgender women happen for the first fourth dimension at the median age of 15 years old.[7] The notion that transgender youth are more likely to experience acts of sexual violence has been verified by several other studies. These acts occur virtually often by peers and other young people. This is attributed to the way that their peers view their gender identity.[1] [ failed verification ]

Perpetrators of sexual violence against transgender women are often known by the victim, in some instances they are romantic partners or family members.[8] A 2005 study found that, out of the instances reported by the transgender men and women, 90% of the participants said that they had been sexually assaulted past a cisgender homo. Around 30% of the participants also reported existence sexually assaulted at some fourth dimension by a cisgender woman and sixteen% reported being assaulted past another transgender private.[9]

Physical violence [edit]

Physical violence in this context is used to describe any physical interaction between two or more individuals with the intent to cause bodily harm. Concrete violence against the transgender community occurs at a rate similar to that of sexual violence.[10] A study of transgender individuals in Virginia, published in 2007, found that forty% of those interviewed had experienced an instance of concrete violence. Around 69% of such attacks were, according to interviewees, due to their gender identity. The assaults occurred at a median historic period of 16 and were reported as early on as xiii years sometime. Of those participants who reported at least one assault, at to the lowest degree 12% said they had experienced over 20 instances of physical violence in their lifetime.[vii]

A study published in 2021 by the Williams Constitute at UCLA Schoolhouse of Law constitute that transgender people in the United States are more probable to exist violently attacked than cisgender people. The study found 86.one attacks for every 1,000 transgender women and 23.seven attacks for every 1,000 cisgender women; it also found 107.5 attacks for every 1,000 transgender men and 19.8 attacks for every 1,000 cisgender men.[2]

Transgender women who are sex workers experience a unduly higher level of violence in the Usa.[x] A study of transgender female sexual practice workers conducted in Washington, D.C., establish that approximately 65% of those interviewed reported an instance of physical assault, most often past their customers.[11] When asked why they believe that they are assaulted, the transgender sexual practice workers answered that it was because their customer misunderstood their anatomy equally a transgender woman. One participant stated that if the male clients come across "female" breasts and "male" genitals, they expect to become a "knife through [the] throat".[12]

Homicide [edit]

A 2017 analysis published by Alexis Dinno in the American Journal of Public Health attempted to approximate the transgender murder rate using homicide data from the Transgender Day of Remembrance and National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, along with estimates of the overall transgender population in the Usa. The report generated a number of potential estimates of the trans murder charge per unit, ranging from around seven times lower than the rate for cis people (assuming no undercounting of trans murders, and a trans prevalence of 0.vi% of the population) up to 4 times college (assuming eighty% of trans murders are not deemed for, and a trans prevalence of 0.1%), ultimately final that the trans murder rate was "probable to be less than that of cisgender individuals". Dinno described this as a surprising result, given that transgender people are more likely to be financially vulnerable and report experiencing high rates of violence. However, Dinno found that immature (aged 15 to 34) black and Latina trans women were "nigh certainly" killed at a higher charge per unit than cis women.[three]

Emotional violence [edit]

Emotional violence in this context refers to verbal abuse directed at a person or persons with the intent to harm or humiliate the victim. In a recent study of crimes reported confronting transgender individuals, the researchers found that in many instances there were reports of verbal abuse directed towards the victims. The examples of verbal corruption reported during the crimes included homophobic and transphobic slurs and language. These attacks were mainly towards their gender and perceived identity. These examples of verbal abuse label the attacks every bit a hate offense.[i] [ failed verification ]

Violence against transgender women of color [edit]

Young transgender women of colour experience violence and murder at a rate much higher than that of their white transgender counterparts.[1] A study conducted by the Gender Public Advancement Coalition sought to examine the transgender murder rate from 1995 to 2005. The study focused on victims that were under the age of thirty. Of the 51 victims that they analyzed, 91% of them were people of color. In a separate study conducted by Garofalo et al. (2006), the self-report survey revealed that 52% of the 51 transgender women of color had experienced unwanted sexual intercourse. This study besides institute that MTF transgender youth of color are at risk of homelessness, substance abuse, and contracting HIV.[thirteen]

Violence towards trans women of colour is often perpetrated past a romantic partner or a potential romantic partner. Cisgender men have been found to dehumanize transgender women of color based on stereotypes that they acquaintance with the community, for instance that transgender women of color perform sex work or suffer from substance abuse. These stereotypes has been perpetuated by both straight and gay cisgender men that are seeking a romantic relationship with a transgender woman of colour. Transgender women of colour too report that cisgender men oft engage in the hyper-sexualization of the community, leading to trans women feeling objectified.[14]

Cisgender men that enter a romantic relationship with a transgender woman of colour often conceal their romantic involvement; this includes refusal to exist seen with a transgender woman in public, on social media, or in any manner that might suggest a relationship. This has been attributed to the social stigma surrounding these women.[fourteen]

These forms of rejection, darkening, and over sexualization may result in psychological trauma. Some transgender women of color have reported that they have never been in a healthy relationship. This deeply affects their feelings of cocky worth.[xiv]

Resources for transgender people experiencing violence [edit]

At that place are several resources bachelor for members of the LGBTQ+ community when they are in times of crisis. One leading national organization for the LGBTQ+ youth is The Trevor Project, which assists with crunch intervention and suicide prevention.[fifteen]

Another available resource is the Trans Lifeline, which is an organization that provides a hotline for straight emotional and financial back up to transgender individuals.[xvi]

See too [edit]

  • Trans panic
  • Violence confronting prostitutes
  • Violence against LGBT people
  • Trans bashing

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Stotzer, Rebecca L. (September 2017). "Data Sources Hinder Our Agreement of Transgender Murders". American Journal of Public Health. 107 (9): 1362–1363. doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303973. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC5551619. PMID 28787204.
  2. ^ a b "Transgender people over four times more likely than cisgender people to be victims of violent crime". Williams Institute. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-28 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ a b Dinno, Alexis (2017). "Homicide Rates of Transgender Individuals in the United states of america: 2010–2014". American Journal of Public Health. 107 (9): 1441–1447. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303878. PMC5551594. PMID 28727530.
  4. ^ transrespect.org/en/map/trans-murder-monitoring/?submap=tmm_relative_numbers Transrespect versus Transphobia, retrieved 2021-11-03
  5. ^ Basile, Kathleen C.; Saltzman, Linda E. (2002). "Sexual Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements". PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e721362007-001. Retrieved 2020-11-13 .
  6. ^ James, Due south. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, K., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The Written report of the 2015 U.Due south. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality.
  7. ^ a b Xavier, Jessica; Honnold, Julie A.; Bradford, Judith (2007). "The Health, Health Related Needs, and Lifecourse Experiences of Transgender Virginians". PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e544442014-001. Retrieved 2020-11-xiii .
  8. ^ Cook-Daniels, Loree; munson, michael (five May 2010). "Sexual Violence, Elder Abuse, and Sexuality of Transgender Adults, Age 50+: Results of Three Surveys". Journal of GLBT Family unit Studies. half-dozen (2): 142–177. doi:x.1080/15504281003705238. ISSN 1550-428X. S2CID 57665777.
  9. ^ Cook-Daniels, Loree (2008). "Transgender Aging Special Topics: Sexuality, Sexual Violence, and Elder Corruption". PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e497232008-001. Retrieved 2020-11-13 .
  10. ^ a b Stotzer, Rebecca L. (May 2009). "Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 14 (three): 170–179. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.006. ISSN 1359-1789.
  11. ^ Valera, Roberto J.; Sawyer, Robin G.; Schiraldi, Glenn R. (2001-01-01). "Perceived Health Needs of Inner-City Street Prostitutes: A Preliminary Study". American Periodical of Health Behavior. 25 (1): 50–59. doi:10.5993/ajhb.25.1.half-dozen. ISSN 1087-3244. PMID 11289729.
  12. ^ Nemoto, T.; Operario, D.; Keatley, J.; Villegas, D. (August 2004). "Social context of HIV risk behaviours among male-to-female transgenders of colour". AIDS Care. 16 (6): 724–735. doi:ten.1080/09540120413331269567. ISSN 0954-0121. PMID 15370060. S2CID 35253652.
  13. ^ Garofalo, Robert; Deleon, Joanne; Osmer, Elizabeth; Doll, Mary; Harper, Gary W. (March 2006). "Overlooked, misunderstood and at-risk: Exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority male-to-female transgender youth". Periodical of Adolescent Health. 38 (3): 230–236. doi:x.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.023. ISSN 1054-139X. PMID 16488820.
  14. ^ a b c Gamarel, Kristi East.; Jadwin-Cakmak, Laura; King, Wesley M.; Lacombe-Duncan, Ashley; Trammell, Racquelle; Reyes, Lilianna A.; Burks, Cierra; Rivera, Bré; Arnold, Emily; Harper, Gary W. (2020-xi-30). "Stigma Experienced by Transgender Women of Color in Their Dating and Romantic Relationships: Implications for Gender-based Violence Prevention Programs". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:ten.1177/0886260520976186. PMC 8164638. PMID 33256510. S2CID 227246930.
  15. ^ Tomczyk, Patrick (2021-x-04). "Resourcefully queer: a review of The Educator'due south Guide to LGBT + Inclusion: A Applied Resource for K-12 Teachers, Administrators, and School Support Staff". Periodical of LGBT Youth: ane–4. doi:ten.1080/19361653.2021.1985683. ISSN 1936-1653.
  16. ^ Carter, Sarah P.; Cowan, Tovah; Snow, Annie; Cerel, Julie; Tucker, Raymond (one Feb 2020). "Health Insurance and Mental Health Care Utilization Amid Adults Who Identify as Transgender and Gender Diverse". Psychiatric Services. 71 (2): 151–157. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900289. ISSN 1075-2730. PMID 31658897. S2CID 204954319.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people_in_the_United_States

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